SLC, MLC or TLC?

　　I believe that some players who know a little about SSD have heard about SLC, MLC and TLC, and their impression of TLC should be synonymous with poor performance and short life. SSD relies on NAND Flash memory chip to store data, which is very similar to the U disk we use in principle. According to the storage principle of NAND Flash, SSD can be divided into SLC(Single-Level Cell), MLC(Multi-Level Cell) and TLC(Trinary-Level Cell).

　　In principle, SLC only stores 1bit of data in each memory storage unit, and there are only two charging values, 0 and 1. MLC stores 2 bits of data in each memory storage unit, and has four charging values of 00, 01, 10 and 11. It takes more time to access data than SLC, but its advantage is that it has higher data density and can reduce production costs. TLC stores 3 bits of data in each memory storage unit, and there are 8 charging values. In the process of use, in order to meet these 8 different voltage states, the main control chip needs to apply different voltage states, which takes longer to complete, and the result is slower access speed. However, the advantage of TLC is that it has the highest data density and the lowest cost, and it is also very easy to make a large-capacity SSD at a competitive price segment.

TLC is obviously different from MLC in life and performance.

　　Players talk about the color change of TLC, among which the slow reading and writing speed is not the main reason, and what is more worrying is the life of TLC SSD. Compared with MLC with 3000+ times and SLC with nearly infinite life, the theoretical erasure life of 1000 times is so short.

More advanced technology will make the original more fragile.

　　The former principle part briefly explains the working state of TLC SSD when it is used. With the development of semiconductor technology, the thickness of insulator silicon oxide is getting thinner and thinner. Every time SSD is written and erased, the process of applying voltage itself has physical losses. In addition, TLC needs to handle eight different voltages at the same time. The physical laws determine that electrons may be stranded in the silicon dioxide insulation layer. This will make each erasing time longer than the last time. With the longer use time, it will take longer and higher voltage value to reach the original voltage every time. The main control chip will also try different voltages when it detects that the original design voltage value is abnormal, which will further slow down the speed and bring further losses.

Why TLC is dominating SSD market?

　　Whether you want to admit it or not, although the players have a bad reputation for TLC, the SSD market is inevitably dominated by TLC SSD. Are products with obvious shortcomings such as short life and poor performance released to the market by major manufacturers just because of low cost?

　　In fact, the reason why TLC SSD now occupies most of the market share is that manufacturers have found a solution to the slow reading and writing speed and short life of TLC.

More components are accommodated through the multilayer stack structure.

　　First of all, the life-span problem is solved thanks to the 3D NAND structure. The original 2D NAND pursues smaller memory cells through more advanced semiconductor technology in exchange for larger storage capacity, which aggravates the short life-span problem for TLC. However, the idea of 3D NAND structure has changed, instead of pursuing smaller units on a plane, more units are put down by stacking and packaging, so the space saved can use relatively old processes. The advantage of using the old process is that the number of P/E erasures is greatly increased, and the situation of charge interference is also greatly reduced because of using the old process.

　　In recent years, the improvement of the main control chip by the manufacturer has further improved the service life of TLC, and has made progress in signal processing, algorithm and so on. So that today’s TLC SSD can also be on par with MLC in quality assurance.

Use part of TLC in SLC mode.

　　TLC belongs to a state of "treating the symptoms but not the root cause" in solving the speed problem. In principle, it is determined that the reading and writing speed of TLC can’t be faster than MLC or even SLC, but we don’t always read and write data with a very large amount of data. By turning a part of TLC into a cache area, manufacturers make it simulate the working mode of SLC, that is, SLC Cache (that is, 3 3bits are used as 1bit). In this way, it brings a small amount of data to read and write, and TLC also has a very fast speed.

When the buffer is full, it will restore the original speed of TLC.

　　It is said to be "temporary solution" because this method can’t keep TLC at a high speed. When the buffer is full, the reading and writing speed will be "exposed".

　　Players need to pay attention to buying mainstream regular manufacturers’ granules when purchasing SSD. The original granules are the best, white films can be considered, and black films should not be considered directly. Don’t be greedy for petty gains. The data is very valuable.

Main control chip

　　The main control chip in SSD can greatly affect its final performance and service life. In addition, the main control chip directly determines whether the SSD of M.2 interface takes SATA channel or PCI-E channel.

　　Main Control Chips Among the mainstream brands in the market, Samsung’s main control chips are often self-produced and sold, and only used in their own SSDs. The main control chips of other major main control manufacturers, such as Marvell, SandForce, Huirong, Qunlian, Zhiwei and Toshiba, are distributed in products of various price segments, and the performance of main control chips of products with different prices is almost the same. The main controller mainly controls the reading and writing of data and FTL layer algorithms (such as wear balance WL, garbage collection GC, etc.), which largely determine the performance of SSD. Players don’t have to worry too much about the specific performance of the main control when purchasing SSD, but they should avoid the "spelling the evening" main control chip:)

　　The reporter learned from the press conference on epidemic prevention and control held in Hohhot today (September 30) that starting from September 30, people in key areas designated by the four districts of the city will be tested for nucleic acid for three consecutive days, including: the whole area of Huimin District; Tongdao North Road in New Town — Guangming Road — Xilinguole North Road — East of Xilingol South Road, south of beijing-baotou railway Line, west of Zhaowuda Road, Healthy Street — Hulunbeier South Road — The area north of Wulanchabu Road; East of Tongdao South Road, Yuquan District, Zhongshan Road — South Shuncheng Street — Lvzumiao Street — Shiyangqiao Road — South of University West Street, west of Xilingol South Road and north of Ordos Street.

　　Personnel in other areas of the city’s four districts and Jinchuan District of Tuzuoqi are subject to two inspections in three days, and the interval between the two nucleic acid tests is more than 24 hours. Those who fail to test as required are subject to Qingcheng code pop-up management. Sampling will be started at 6:00 on September 30th, and completed before 12:00. According to the actual situation, the secret and sub-secret workers can sample in advance appropriately.

　　Citizens who move across the city must hold two negative nucleic acid certificates within 48 hours.

　　The National Day holiday is coming, the flow of people is increasing, and the risk of cluster epidemic and cross-regional epidemic spread is also increasing. Hohhot suggested that the general public should spend holidays on the spot and try to reduce cross-city travel. Cross-city flow must hold two negative nucleic acid certificates within 48 hours, and the interval between two nucleic acid tests should be more than 24 hours; People entering Beijing must also hold the green code of "Beijing Health Treasure" and register their personal information. Carry out temperature measurement and code scanning for incoming (returning) callers, check the negative certificate of nucleic acid test within 48 hours, and strictly implement the policy of "landing test" and "two tests every three days" (that is, the first nucleic acid test should be carried out on the ground, and the second nucleic acid test should be completed within 24-72 hours after the incoming call).

　　(General Desk reporter Yang Shunshun)

For four and a half months

Fishing season in East China Sea

Has already begun.

In 2024, the marine summer fishing moratorium system continued the management regulations in 2023, and continued to uniformly implement the fishing moratorium in the East China Sea from 12: 00 on May 1 to 12: 00 on September 16. Tens of thousands of fishing boats in Zhejiang Province fully entered the moratorium period.

Specific types of banned sales and

What are the prohibited places?

Let’s take a look ↓↓

According to the relevant regulations, from May 8 to August 1, it is forbidden to sell eight kinds of marine chilled or live aquatic products, such as hairtail, large yellow croaker, small yellow croaker, silver pomfret, mackerel, Portunus trituberculatus, dragon head fish and shrimp, in various trading places such as farmers’ markets, supermarkets and temporary stalls, as well as restaurants and food stalls.

Four types of fishing boats, such as shrimp trawling with truss, cage pot, gill net and light fence, were specially licensed to catch shrimps, crabs, pelagic fish and other resources on August 1. After August 1st, Zhejiang residents can buy seafood such as swimming crabs caught in the East China Sea in the market.

During the fishing moratorium, should Zhejiang people who love seafood say goodbye to seafood completely?

Cultured and imported seafood will take over the "baton" of local seafood fishing. Clams, clams, mussels, squid, sea urchins and abalone are all good choices to buy seafood at this time.

Aquatic products such as bass, snapper, grouper and American red fish from marine farms, as well as aquatic products imported from abroad and caught in the ocean, are not within the scope of the ban on fishing, which can make up for the vacancy during this period.

In addition, according to the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on the Protection of Wild Animals and the Decision of the Standing Committee of Zhejiang Provincial People’s Congress on the Total Prohibition of Illegal Trading and Overeating of Wild Animals, market organizers such as commodity trading markets and farmers’ markets are strictly prohibited from providing display, trading and consumption services for illegally selling, buying, eating and using wild animals and their products or hunting tools that are prohibited from being used.

Market organizers should earnestly fulfill their main responsibilities, strengthen the study of relevant knowledge such as the fishing moratorium system and wildlife protection, carry out extensive publicity and education for business operators, strengthen the management on the market, and immediately stop illegal transactions in the market and report to relevant departments in a timely manner.

The market supervision department will strengthen the inspection and supervision of various markets in accordance with the law, carry out in-depth special law enforcement actions such as "Breeze Action" and "Zhijiang Sword", severely crack down on illegal sales of aquatic products and illegal wildlife transactions in the market, strengthen cooperation with forestry, public security and other departments, and promote the investigation and management of illegal transactions in a list and closed-loop manner.

Original title: "From now until August 1, these kinds of seafood are banned! 》

Read the original text

　　Xinhuanet Beijing, February 6 (Reporter Lu Junyu) In the first year of implementing the spirit of the 19th National Congress, the new trend of central anti-corruption has attracted much attention. Since the beginning of the new year in 2018, the central anti-corruption work has been carried out intensively, and the "big moves" have continued, frequently occupying the headlines of major media. At the same time, it is releasing a strong signal: the party will be strictly managed in an all-round way and the anti-corruption struggle will not be relaxed.

　　The Second Plenary Session of the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection: Drawing a Clear "Road Map"

　　On January 11th, the second plenary session of the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection was held in Beijing. At the meeting, the general requirements and main tasks of strictly administering the party in an all-round way at present and in the future were clearly put forward, which made clear the direction for the party’s construction and reorganization.

　　"We must adhere to no-forbidden zones, full coverage and zero tolerance, adhere to heavy containment, strong pressure and long-term shock, adhere to bribery and bribery, and resolutely reduce stocks and focus on curbing increments."

　　"It is necessary to promote the comprehensive and strict administration of the party to the grassroots level and severely rectify the corruption problems that occur around the masses."

　　"It is necessary to combine the fight against corruption with the fight against evil, and not only grasp the organizations involved in black gangs, but also grasp the latter ‘ Umbrella ’ 。”

　　"It is necessary to strengthen international cooperation in comprehensive anti-corruption law enforcement and strengthen the shock to corrupt criminals."

　　"It is necessary to strengthen the shock that does not dare to rot, fasten the cage that cannot rot, and enhance the consciousness of not wanting to rot."

　　"It is necessary to cut off the interest transmission chain through reform and institutional innovation, strengthen the restriction and supervision of the operation of power, and form an effective institutional mechanism."

　　These six "essentials" have opened a new chapter in winning an overwhelming victory in the anti-corruption struggle.

　　In one month, four middle-ranking cadres were dismissed one after another.

　　On February 5th, three provincial and ministerial officials who had fallen off the horse were notified and dealt with: Liu Qiang, former deputy governor of Liaoning Province; Li Yunfeng, former member of the Standing Committee of Jiangsu Provincial Party Committee and former executive deputy governor; and Zhang Wenxiong, former member of the Standing Committee of Hunan Provincial Party Committee and former Minister of Propaganda Department. Liu Qiang was "double-opened" and transferred to judicial organs, and both Li Yunfeng and Zhang Wenxiong were prosecuted.

　　On January 3, only three days after the opening of the year, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection announced that Feng Xinzhu, deputy governor of Shaanxi Province, was suspected of serious violation of discipline and accepted organizational review. In 2018, the "first tiger" fell; Ji Yiqi, vice governor of Shandong Province, Li Yihuang, vice governor of Jiangxi Province, and Wang Xiaolin, deputy director of the National Energy Administration, were successively investigated.

　　According to statistics, after the 19 th National Congress, the website review and investigation section of the Supervision Department of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection reported a total of 7 middle-ranking cadres for disciplinary review.

　　The first round of the new central inspection started: an all-round inspection

　　A few days ago, the first round of inspections by the 19th Central Committee announced the news that 30 party organizations had been inspected. At the mobilization meeting, many new deployments, new signals and new settings were revealed.

　　For example, this round of patrol covers provinces in all regions of the country and is an all-round patrol. Among the deployment contents, sub-provincial cities were included in the patrol deployment for the first time.

　　For another example, the focus of this inspection is to focus on discovering outstanding problems such as violation of political discipline and rules, corruption of leading cadres, unhealthy practices around the masses, violation of the spirit of the eight central regulations, cadres’ inaction, and illegal selection and employment. Among them, "unhealthy trends around the masses" has become the focus of the central inspection, which is the first time in recent years.

　　All the "heads" of the 31 provincial supervisory committees have been produced.

　　The reform of the national supervision system is a major political reform that concerns the overall situation and is the top-level design of the national supervision system. The supervisory committee performs the duties of supervision, investigation and disposal, and is organically connected with law enforcement and judicial organs, and checks and balances each other, so as to realize the organic unity of governing the party according to regulations and governing the country according to law. Implementing the reform of the supervision system, setting up the supervision committee, integrating the current anti-corruption resources and establishing a centralized, unified, authoritative and efficient supervision system are major political system reforms that have a bearing on the overall situation.

　　With the closing of the provincial and local conferences in 2018, the directors of provincial supervisory committees in 31 provinces have all been produced. They are all local provincial disciplinary committee secretaries, and many of them are "veterans" on the anti-corruption front.

　　All-round deployment of eliminating evils should be combined with the fight against corruption.

　　Recently, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the "Notice on Launching a Special Struggle to Eliminate Evil". According to the circular, the discipline inspection and supervision organs at all levels should take party member cadres’ involvement in crimes and vice as the focus of discipline review, give priority to the clues of the "umbrella" problem found in the special struggle against crimes and vice, and investigate and deal with them together, regardless of who is involved, and will never tolerate them.

　　On February 5, the Supreme Law and other four departments issued a circular on severely cracking down on crimes committed by evil forces in accordance with the law. According to the notice, those involved in the crime can be given a lighter punishment if they surrender before March 1.

　　Experts pointed out that the focus of this campaign is not only to crack down on the evil forces themselves, but also to crack down on corruption at the grassroots level, investigate and deal with "micro-corruption" and strengthen the construction of grassroots political power and organization.

Before the old reform, the second ring road of Xihong Road to the industrial section. Reporter Ye Yibin photo

After the old reform, the section from the Second Ring Road to the industrial section of Xihong Road is more spacious. Reporter Ye Yibin photo

Fuzhou Daily reporter Ying Yang Li Bailei Jun Wu correspondent Peng Hui

　　Since the beginning of the year, the renovation of the old housing area in Gulou District has been reported frequently:

　　Three old renovation projects started at the beginning of the year, such as the renovation of the old housing area around Xianta Street, the plot around Fuda Yishan Campus (I) and the Guoyangdang plot, have basically completed the relocation;

　　The requisition and relocation of four contiguous old housing reconstruction projects, including the reconstruction project from Ouyechi to Chenghuang Temple (Phase I) and the reconstruction project around Huoxiang, are progressing in an orderly manner;

　　Two old housing reconstruction projects, including Sheshan in Mei Feng, are about to enter the site, and another eight projects are in the early stage of preparation, and the land requisition and relocation will be started in due course in the second half of the year.

　　The renovation of old housing areas bears the people’s dream of living in peace, and is also closely related to the improvement of urban functional quality. In order to speed up the construction of a blessed state with a more beautiful environment, better quality, more comprehensive functions and better service, last year, the municipal party committee and the municipal government decided to implement a three-year action plan for the renovation of contiguous old housing areas, and put forward the specific deployment of the "three-year action plan and two-year work arrangement".

　　Gulou District attaches great importance to it, responds quickly and takes the initiative to pressurize it. It has decided to start all the 17 450,000-square-meter old renovation projects involved in the "Three-year Action Plan" within this year. "Three-year old reform, one-year implementation", in this tough battle, the majority of cadres in Gulou District lifted their spirits, worked hard, carefully planned and coordinated, collected sunshine and provided sincere service, and carried out the action of "improving livable environment and building a happy home" in depth, striving to show new responsibilities and achieve new achievements in the new era.

　　"I accidentally stepped on shit when I was walking, and I happened to have an injury on my foot. Do you want to get rabies vaccine?" You must want to know such a wonderful question. "After the baby is vaccinated, why do you have to wait for 30 minutes to leave the hospital?" You must be very concerned about such common problems. "With HPV vaccine, you can stay away from cervical cancer once and for all?" You must not miss such a hot question.

　　At the final of "Guangzhou Vaccination Science Popularization Competition in 2020" held recently, all kinds of knowledge about vaccines and vaccination made people learn a lot.

　　The birth process of vaccine is not simple.

　　Since ancient times, human beings have been fighting against viruses, and have gradually discovered the magic weapon to win — — Vaccine. There are several ways to produce vaccines, one of which is — — Take inactivated vaccine as an example to talk about the birth of vaccine.

　　First of all, scientists should isolate the virus from the source of infection. The isolated virus can not be used directly, and it needs to be processed before screening out the ideal strain. Then these strains are cultured and propagated on the cell matrix; These strains contain some impurities, which need to be removed by filtration. Then treated with formaldehyde and other solutions to make the strain lose its pathogenicity and retain its antigenicity; Finally, through a series of processing, inactivated vaccine can be born.

　　But this vaccine can’t be injected into human body at this time. In order to ensure safety and effectiveness, the vaccine needs to undergo strict tests at different levels. The first level is the animal test. After passing the animal test, it can be reported to National Medical Products Administration to apply for clinical trials. The clinical trial is divided into three phases. This is for the sake of safety, and the test population should increase in a step-by-step manner. Only after the safety of the first-phase clinical trial is ensured can the second-phase clinical trial be carried out to study its effectiveness. In the last three phases, a randomized, blind and placebo-controlled design should be adopted to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the vaccine in a wider range of people. All clinical trials generally take at least 3-8 years, and some even take more than 10 years. If the vaccine fails to meet the requirements in the test, it will be stopped or even terminated.

　　After passing the above-mentioned layer-by-layer tests, it is necessary to go through enterprise self-inspection, expert review, on-site inspection by the Food and Drug Administration, and identification by the Central Inspection Institute to confirm that the vaccine is safe and effective, the process is true, and the quality is controllable. At this time, the vaccine can be officially marketed and promoted.

　　Today’s children have been vaccinated to prevent various diseases shortly after birth. One of the most common phenomena is that babies are usually asked not to go home immediately after vaccination in the hospital, and can only go home after observation in the observation room for at least 30 minutes. Why is this? Is there anything unsafe about the vaccine? In fact, adverse reactions may occur after vaccination, but the probability of occurrence is very low. There are two kinds of adverse reactions, one is a relatively common general reaction, such as fever, redness and swelling at the injection site, poor appetite, etc. There is also an abnormal reaction, which means that the vaccine is qualified and the vaccination process is standardized, but it has brought some damage to the baby’s body. Both of these reactions belong to "adverse drug reactions with no fault on both sides".

　　If the baby’s body temperature does not exceed 38℃, you can use the method of physical cooling and pay attention to rest to return to normal; If the inoculation site is red, swollen and indurated, it is generally not necessary to deal with it, and special attention should be paid to it. It is forbidden to apply hot compress after inoculation with BCG. If the baby’s temperature exceeds 38℃ or the general reaction is serious, you should seek medical treatment immediately without delay.

　　Therefore, don’t go home immediately after vaccination, also for "just in case".

　　There is no need to get rabies vaccine when you step on shit when you have a foot injury.

　　When a Panyu player popularized the vaccination of rabies vaccine, he mentioned a new knowledge point that people didn’t know much about before: if a dog bites you, you can observe the dog for ten days. If the dog doesn’t get sick, then the remaining shots of rabies vaccine that we have started to vaccinate don’t need to continue.

　　We know that 95% of rabies in China is spread by sick dogs, followed by some carnivorous mammals, such as cats, bats, foxes, wolves and raccoons. Cold-blooded animals such as poultry, fish and insects will not infect and spread rabies. You don’t need rabies vaccine after being bitten by rodents, rabbits and rabbits. Infectious diseases of dogs, cats and other animals are usually spread to them by external animals. Once a cat or dog is bitten by an infectious animal, the incubation period of the virus in their bodies is generally more than one month, but only in the saliva of the cat or dog 3-5 days before the onset of the disease may rabies virus be carried. Therefore, for some cats and dogs that are confirmed to be healthy, such as domestic cats and dogs that have a clear history, are not free-range or wandering, have never been bitten by animals suspected of rabies, and have been regularly injected with rabies vaccine, it is not necessary to take rabies vaccine when bitten by these cats or dogs.

　　Someone asked, "I accidentally stepped on shit when I was walking, and I happened to have an injury on my foot. Do you want to get rabies vaccine?" In fact, there is no need to get rabies vaccine. But it is best to clean the wound in time to prevent infection by other germs.

　　However, most people are not sure whether the biting animal is healthy after being bitten by an animal, so it is certainly right to think of vaccination at the first time. However, the rabies vaccine needs 5 shots in the whole process, and there is an interval between every two shots, so it not only costs money, but also takes time. Here is a "ten-day observation method" worthy of attention — —

　　First of all, for peace of mind, you can get vaccinated first, and at the same time lock up the biting dog for observation; If the dog is still very healthy after ten days, which proves that the biting dog was not in the period of rabies infection at the time of the incident, then you don’t need to take the rest rabies vaccine. If the dog is abnormal during the observation period, then your vaccine must be finished.

　　Vaccination with HPV vaccine is not 100% away from cervical cancer.

　　Like "settled" in the female cervix of the HPV virus, the scientific name is human papillomavirus, which is the chief culprit leading to cervical cancer. According to the ICO (Catalan Cancer Institute) report on HPV and related diseases in China released in 2018, 98% of cervical cancer in China is caused by high-risk HPV infection. There is no specific medicine for HPV infection at present. However, human beings have developed an HPV vaccine. After vaccination, the body can produce antibodies to eliminate high-risk HPV, thus preventing cervical cancer.

　　It has been known that there are more than 200 family members of HPV virus, and only 14 species can really "make waves" on human cervix. These fourteen kinds are called high-risk HPV, among which HPV16 and 18 are the most powerful, and 69% of cervical cancer is attributed to them.

　　At present, the HPV vaccines on the market are bivalent, bivalent and bivalent. If you hit the price of 2 and 4, you can prevent about 70% of cervical cancer; The tetravalent vaccine can also prevent 6/11 types of 14 high-risk HPV, which can prevent sexually transmitted diseases caused by these two types of viruses; On the basis of 4 valence, 9 valence has the function of preventing 31/33/45/52/58 type, which can prevent 92% of cervical cancer. The ideal vaccination time of HPV vaccine is before sex, that is, before the first exposure to HPV infection, but women who have had sex can also benefit from HPV vaccination.

　　Why does HPV appear in the human body? Mainly through sexual behavior, or contact with unclean sanitary ware or supplies. It is worth noting that women who are sexually active and have many sexual partners are particularly vulnerable to infection. But not being infected with high-risk HPV means getting cervical cancer. Only when high-risk HPV is continuously infected for 10 to 20 years will it naturally evolve into cancer. In this process, most people’s body functions can remove HPV.

　　It is worth reminding that the HPV vaccine is not once and for all. The HPV virus family is "numerous", and about 7% of cervical cancer can not be prevented by vaccination with HPV vaccine for the time being. So if you are old enough to have regular screening for cervical cancer, you should remember to have regular screening. If HPV vaccination is the primary prevention of cervical cancer, regular cervical cancer screening is the secondary prevention. Only when primary and secondary prevention are done, the "big devil" of cervical cancer will not be easily encountered. (Yangcheng Evening News reporter Li Gang)

　　The National Day holiday is coming to an end, and the consumer market is booming, showing new characteristics.

　　Wang Bin, deputy director of the Consumption Promotion Department of the Ministry of Commerce, said that this year’s National Day holiday consumption has highlighted four major trends compared with previous years, namely, local consumption, peripheral consumption and home consumption have become new hotspots; Green consumption, smart consumption and healthy consumption are more popular; The demand for personalization and quality has increased, and the heat of high-end consumption has not decreased; Online and offline integration will be accelerated, and the demand for experiential and scene-based consumption will continue to increase. "Consumption will continue to recover steadily in October and even throughout the fourth quarter. It is estimated that the total amount of social zero in the whole year is expected to reach 44 trillion yuan, an increase of about 12.5% over 2020 and an increase of about 8% over 2019. " Wang Bin said.

　　Products with high quality and beautiful price, convenient and fast service and rich individual experience will accelerate the release of consumption potential and foster a more active and stronger consumer market.

　　Buy and produce texture

　　Products are better and services are more intimate.

　　"During the National Day holiday, the sales of flowers increased significantly." The person in charge of the procurement of Box Horse Garden said that decorating life with flowers has become one of the ways for consumers to improve their quality of life. "We stocked a lot of tulips through the Yunnan base before the festival. The first batch of tulips were of high quality and sold well. They were sold as soon as they were listed, and hydrangeas and sunflowers were also very popular." From October 1 ST to 4 th, the sales volume of flowers in Box Horse Garden increased by 290% year-on-year.

　　Ensuring the quality of goods is the most basic demand of consumers. In order to improve the quality, some supermarkets have made more efforts in market research, product procurement and even research and development, and strive to introduce more fine products and "explosions".

　　"This portable tooth washer is selling well at present. The domestic oral care market has grown rapidly, and the oral care products of the public have been upgraded from toothbrushes and dental floss to electric toothbrushes and tooth flushers. " Zhu Lin, general manager of Tmall Personal Care Department, said. The sales of consumption-upgrading products such as cosmetics, electronic products and personal care products in major e-commerce platforms maintained rapid growth.

　　In a Gome store in Haidian District, Beijing, the reporter saw that many consumers came to consult the "old for green" activity. "We jointly launched an activity with air-conditioning companies to replace the air conditioners eliminated in users’ homes with new energy-efficient standard air conditioners, and the number of consumers who went to the store for consultation and purchase during the National Day holiday increased significantly." The relevant person in charge of the store said, "In the past, people paid more attention to the price. In recent years, with the upgrading of consumption, energy-saving, smart and healthy home appliances are more popular. "

　　Zhao Ping, vice president of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade Research Institute, said: "At present, the pace of upgrading China’s consumption structure is accelerating. On the one hand, commodity consumption is upgrading from low-end to high-end, on the other hand, commodity consumption is also upgrading to service consumption. "

　　Commodities like flowers need merchants to have good fresh-keeping storage conditions, fast logistics and transportation capacity and meticulous after-sales service. "When sent with flowers, there are often detailed maintenance instructions." A consumer who often buys flowers, fruits, seafood and other goods online said that if the quality of the goods is not good, he will immediately apply for a return, and Shangchao often responds quickly and makes a refund or compensation.

　　The relevant person in charge of public comment analyzed the data and found that the service quality played an obvious role in driving the sales of offline businesses. Zhao Ping believes that as China’s consumption scale continues to expand, it is necessary to further improve the supply quality of products and services, organically combine expanding consumption with improving people’s quality of life, promote the creation of a high-quality consumption supply system, and guide enterprises to increase the supply of cost-effective goods and services to better meet the high-end consumer demand of residents.

　　Buy a new experience

　　The scene is richer and the atmosphere is more immersive.

　　Today, online shopping is convenient and fast. Where is the charm of offline shopping?

　　During the National Day holiday, in the National Cultural Industry Demonstration Park of Nanbin Road, Nan ‘an District, Chongqing, the exhibition of the former Art Museum attracted many citizens to visit. "I heard a long time ago that sneakers jointly designed by artists and brands will be exhibited offline here." Liu Zikai, 21, loves collecting sneakers. "We sneaker lovers have been waiting for a long time."

　　Liu Zikai said: "Through the visit, I have a deeper understanding of the design and cultural expression of these shoes. I must buy some pairs to collect at home."

　　In addition to co-branded sneakers, you can also buy masks, scarves and other commodities with the same theme on the spot. Many citizens bought several pieces after watching the exhibition. "If we only sell handicrafts, it will be too far away from ordinary consumers, so we set up a cultural and creative product exhibition area on the first floor." According to the relevant person in charge of the former Art Museum, different from the traditional business model, they have explored in the field of art consumption, and many brands will choose to release their products here because many consumers like unique experiences.

　　At the other end of Nanbin Road, Bainian Old Street just held an autumn and winter clothing conference. "Nowadays, a single consumption environment can no longer meet the needs of customers, and we hope to involve consumers." The person in charge of the event said that in addition to online live broadcast, the site also provided services such as follow-up and styling design. For example, on the day of the event, they invited 10 customers to walk on the catwalk, and Ms. Zhang was one of them. "In the century-old street, wearing fashionable clothes and showing yourself under the rhythm of music and lighting is very special, and some things are still unfinished." Ms. Zhang said.

　　Nan ‘an District, by establishing Nanbin Road National Cultural Industry Demonstration Park, is trying to promote the organic integration of characteristic cultural resources and cultural industries, cultivate new cultural formats and cultural consumption patterns, and build Nanbin Road into a highland for cultural industry transformation and upgrading.

　　"In recent years, experience has become an increasingly important factor for consumers." Mo Yuanming, a researcher at chongqing technology and business university Chengdu-Chongqing Shuangcheng Economic Circle Collaborative Development Center, believes that the market is actively responding to this new demand. Integrated development is becoming a new consumption trend, that is, through the integration of culture and tourism, economy and technology, consumption and culture, to create a brand-new comprehensive consumption carrier. "To promote the development of the retail industry, it is particularly important to shape new consumption scenarios. Through integration and experience, the organic combination of retail, cultural industry and service industry is the essence of shaping new consumption scenes. " Mo Yuanming said.

　　Buy out personalization

　　The demand is more unique and the market is more subdivided.

　　A trendy shop in Zhengjia Square, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province was crowded, and the trend toys with "Chinese style" were placed in the exhibition area, which attracted many guests to stop and take photos. Zeng Qingyuan was one of them. After careful selection, he picked up a cat ornament and prepared to check out. "It’s festive and beautiful, and it’s cool at home."

　　Mr. Lin, who lined up behind Zeng Qingyuan, bought building blocks with children who were in the fifth grade. "Children liked the movie The Wandering Earth before, and now they have the building blocks with this theme, and he immediately took a fancy to it."

　　"We are promoting the Guofeng Building Block Festival, cooperating with domestic designers to design local building blocks, and introducing them to consumers more intensively through the combination of stores and exhibitions." Cai Jianping, the store manager, said that these products were sold out soon after they went online, and many guests made a special trip to ask when to replenish them.

　　Some people like chasing trendy toys, while others like visiting thrift stores. In Chaoyang District, Beijing, Li Bo, a citizen, used his holiday to shop at the limited-time second-hand shop in Sanlitun. Here, you can find second-hand books and many second-hand clothes in various fields. There is also a tailor shop in the shop. "If you find the clothes you like, you can change clothes for free on the spot if it is not suitable." Li Bo said. A consumer said that in addition to meeting the needs of environmental protection, second-hand shops can often bring the pleasure of "treasure hunting", such as finding other people’s reading notes in books, as if they were communicating with the last reader across time and space.

　　Whether it is a trendy shop or a second-hand shop, or a variety of special live broadcast rooms, we can see that the market is showing a segmentation trend in a more colorful state, making it easier for consumers to meet their individual needs.

　　It is worth noting that the emerging new formats and new fields need more in-place supervision.

　　"For example, in the second-hand commodity market, sellers need to provide detailed information. The government or third-party institutions should let consumers know about the purchased goods as much as possible through awards and qualification recognition to ensure the information symmetry of both parties." He Jiang, director of the Institute of International Business of Guangzhou Academy of Social Sciences, believes that in the development of new formats, there may be some problems such as false propaganda and unreasonable service, and because the regulatory authorities are inexperienced in new formats, and these fields are often complicated in terms of objects and contents, it is more difficult to supervise. "Supervision should run through all aspects of production and consumption. On the one hand, improve quality supervision and strengthen the credit system construction of merchants; On the other hand, it is also necessary to establish a post-consumer evaluation system, record and publish consumer feedback in a timely manner, and enhance the convenience of consumers’ rights protection, so that consumers can buy both. " He Jiang said.

Cctv newsAccording to the website of China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, recently, the Consumer Protection Bureau of China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, China issued the Circular on Consumer Complaints in the Banking Industry in the Fourth Quarter of 2022 and the Circular on Consumer Complaints in the Insurance Industry in the Fourth Quarter of 2022 (hereinafter referred to as the Circular), which informed the consumer complaints in the banking industry and insurance industry received and forwarded by China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission and its dispatched offices.

According to the Circular, in the fourth quarter of 2022, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission and its agencies received and forwarded 69,555 consumer complaints from the banking industry. Among them, 21,559 large state-owned commercial banks were involved, accounting for 31.0% of the total complaints; 26,247 joint-stock commercial banks, accounting for 37.7%; 341 foreign-funded corporate banks, accounting for 0.5%; 11,202 city commercial banks (including private banks), accounting for 16.1%; 3,872 small and medium-sized financial institutions in rural areas, accounting for 5.6%; There were 6,334 other banking financial institutions, accounting for 9.1%.

According to the Circular, the median number of complaints from large state-owned commercial banks is 3,406.5, the average number of complaints per thousand outlets is 248.8, and the average number of complaints per ten million individual customers is 51.9. The median number of complaints of joint-stock commercial banks is 2290.0, the average number of complaints per thousand outlets is 1561.8, and the average number of complaints per ten million individual customers is 303.9. The median number of complaints from foreign-funded corporate banks is 22.5, the average number of complaints per thousand outlets is 598.4, and the average number of complaints per ten million individual customers is 360.0.

According to the Circular, in the fourth quarter of 2022, there were 29,981 complaints about credit card business, accounting for 43.1% of the total complaints. Among the complaints involving large state-owned commercial banks, there are 7251 complaints about credit card business, accounting for 33.6% of the total complaints of large state-owned commercial banks; Among the complaints involving joint-stock commercial banks, there are 19,673 complaints about credit card business, accounting for 75.0% of the total complaints of joint-stock commercial banks; Among the complaints involving foreign-funded corporate banks, there are 155 complaints about credit card business, accounting for 45.5% of the total complaints of foreign-funded corporate banks.

In the fourth quarter of 2022, there were 28,545 complaints about personal loan business, accounting for 41.0% of the total complaints. Among the complaints involving large state-owned commercial banks, there are 9,625 complaints about personal loan business, accounting for 44.6% of the total complaints of large state-owned commercial banks; Among the complaints involving joint-stock commercial banks, there were 3739 complaints about personal loan business, accounting for 14.2% of the total complaints of joint-stock commercial banks; Among the complaints involving foreign-funded corporate banks, there are 134 complaints about personal loan business, accounting for 39.3% of the total complaints of foreign-funded corporate banks.

In the fourth quarter of 2022, there were 4,476 complaints about wealth management business, accounting for 6.4% of the total complaints. Among the complaints involving large state-owned commercial banks, there were 1473 complaints about wealth management business, accounting for 6.8% of the total complaints of large state-owned commercial banks; Among the complaints involving joint-stock commercial banks, there are 1647 complaints about wealth management business, accounting for 6.3% of the total complaints of joint-stock commercial banks.

According to the Circular, in the fourth quarter of 2022, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission and its agencies received and forwarded 22,189 complaints about insurance consumption. Among them, there were 7689 cases involving property insurance companies, accounting for 34.65% of the total complaints; There are 14,500 life insurance companies, accounting for 65.35%. The median number of complaints about 100 million yuan premium of property insurance companies is 3.69 pieces/100 million yuan, and the median number of complaints about 10,000 policies is 0.25 pieces/10,000 pieces. The median number of complaints about 100 million yuan premium of life insurance companies is 1.59/100 million yuan, the median number of complaints about 10,000 policies is 0.20/10,000, and the median number of complaints about 10,000 people is 0.06/10,000.

According to the Circular, in the fourth quarter of 2022, there were 5,859 complaints about claims disputes involving property insurance companies, accounting for 76.20% of the total complaints of property insurance companies; There were 623 complaints about sales disputes, accounting for 8.10%. Property insurance companies have 3557 complaints about motor vehicle insurance disputes, accounting for 46.26% of the total complaints of property insurance companies; There were 1,686 complaints about other insurance disputes involving COVID-19 epidemic-related insurance and other property insurance, accounting for 21.93%.

According to the Circular, in the fourth quarter of 2022, there were 7341 complaints about sales disputes from life insurance companies, accounting for 50.63% of the total complaints from life insurance companies. There were 3980 complaints about surrender disputes, accounting for 27.45%. There were 7593 complaints about ordinary life insurance disputes from life insurance companies, accounting for 52.37% of the total complaints from life insurance companies; There were 2614 complaints about sickness insurance disputes, accounting for 18.03%.

China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, China will continue to strengthen the supervision of consumer complaint handling in strict accordance with the Administrative Measures on Consumer Complaint Handling in Banking and Insurance Industry, urge banks and insurance institutions to earnestly perform the main responsibility of consumer complaint handling, strengthen the source management of complaints, improve service quality and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of consumers.

Editor’s note: This article is from Tencent Technology (ID:qqtech), written by Zach Xiaosheng, and reproduced by Entrepreneurship.

The highlight of NPU(AI chip) and GPU (common chip) is that they can run multiple parallel threads. NPU takes it to another level through some special hardware-level optimizations, such as providing some easily accessible cache systems for some truly different processing cores. These high-capacity cores are simpler than the usual "conventional" processors because they don’t need to perform many types of tasks.

On July 20th, CAMBRIAN was officially listed in A-share science and technology innovation board, becoming the first AI chip, which aroused heated discussion and concern in the industry.

According to relevant data, there are more than 1,500 IC design enterprises in China. However, there are fewer companies with AI chips, and there are only more than 20 companies. Among these AI chip companies, CAMBRIAN is the most prominent, especially the recent IPO, and the stock of Kechuang soared on the first day of listing. So what is AI chip, and how is it different from our ordinary CPU?

From the perspective of principle logic, AI processor is a special chip, which combines artificial intelligence technology and machine learning, making the mobile device of the chip smart enough to imitate the human brain, which is used to optimize the work of deep learning AI, and is also a system using multiple processors with specific functions. The ordinary chip (ordinary cpu) is packaged in a smaller chip package, which is designed to support mobile applications and provide all the system functions needed to support mobile device applications.

Most of the time, the marketing teams of major companies find the word AI (artificial intelligence) very "advanced and gorgeous", so they bind it to almost any possible commercial use. So, you must have heard of it

"Artificial Intelligence Chip" is actually a renamed version of NPU (Neuroprocessing Unit). These are special types of ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuits), which are designed to widely apply machine learning in the mobile market.

These ASIC have a special architecture design, which enables them to execute the machine learning model faster, instead of unloading data to the server and waiting for its response. This execution may not be so powerful, but it will be faster because there are fewer obstacles between the data and the processing center.

Generally speaking, we can understand that NPU is AI chip and ordinary chip is CPU.

The CPU will work well in a general load environment, because it has a high IPC, which can be executed through many serial ports. And the CPU follows the Von Neumann architecture, and its core is to store programs and execute them sequentially. The architecture of CPU needs a lot of space to put storage unit (Cache) and Control unit (control unit). Compared with it, the computing unit only occupies a small part, so it is extremely limited in the ability of large-scale parallel computing and is better at logical control.

The highlight of NPU and GPU is that they can run multiple parallel threads. NPU takes it to another level through some special hardware-level optimizations, such as providing some easily accessible cache systems for some truly different processing cores. These high-capacity cores are simpler than the usual "conventional" processors because they don’t need to perform many types of tasks. This whole set of "optimization" makes NPU more efficient, which is why so much research and development will be invested in ASIC.

Machine learning model processing requires CPU, DSP, GPU and NPU to be synchronized at the same time, which is because many chip processing units are working together. But it also explains why such execution is "heavy" for mobile devices.

One of the advantages of NPU is that most of the time is focused on low-precision algorithms, new data flow architecture or memory computing power. Unlike GPUs, they are more concerned with throughput than latency.

Of course, AI algorithm is very important. In image recognition and other fields, CNN convolution network, speech recognition, natural language processing and other fields are commonly used, mainly RNN, which are two different algorithms. However, in essence, they are all multiplication and addition of matrices or vector, and then cooperate with some algorithms such as division and exponent.

In addition, a mature AI algorithm is optimized for specific mathematics of convolution operation and weighted summation. This process is very fast. It is like a GPU without graphics hardware. For the AI chip, if the specific target size is determined, then the total number of multiplication and addition calculations is determined. For example, a trillion times, for example, if I run a program with an AI chip, I can have a meal, and the CPU needs to run for several weeks. No commercial company will waste time.

In addition to the CAMBRIAN, there are also these well-known AI chip companies in China, such as Bitcontinent, Horizon, Tianxin Zhixin, Yizhi Electronics, Exploration Technology, Suiyuan Technology, Hisilicon, Jianan Technology, etc., all of which have experienced the actual landing inspection period from 2015 to the present, before they get to the present situation. The products of each company are also unique, with their own styles in power consumption, performance and application scenarios, which can occupy a place in the vast market of China.

China AI chip company is in a development boom. What about the development of foreign AI chips? Now let’s look at the companies that we think are the top developers of artificial intelligence chips, although there is no specific order-just those companies that have demonstrated their technology and have put it into production or will put it into production soon. The details are as follows:

1. Alphabet (Google’s parent company)

Google’s parent company urges the development of artificial intelligence technology in many fields, including cloud computing, data centers, mobile devices and desktop computers. Perhaps the most noteworthy is its Tensor Processing Unit, which is an ASIC specially designed for Google’s TensorFlow programming framework, mainly used for two branches of AI, machine learning and deep learning.

Google’s Cloud TPU is used in data centers or cloud solutions, and its size is equivalent to a credit card, but the Edge TPU is a coin with a size less than one cent, which is specially designed for some specific devices. Nevertheless, analysts who observe this market more closely say that Google’s Edge TPU is unlikely to appear on the company’s own smartphones and tablets in the short term, and it is more likely to be used in higher-end, enterprise and expensive machines and equipment.

2. Apple

Apple has been developing its own arm chips for many years, and may eventually stop using suppliers such as Intel. Apple has basically got rid of the entanglement with Qualcomm, and it really seems determined to go its own way in the field of artificial intelligence in the future.

The company uses A13 "bionic" chips on the latest iphone and ipad. The chip uses Apple’s neural engine, which is part of the circuit and cannot be used by third-party applications. A13 bionic chip is faster and consumes less power than the previous version. According to reports, A14 version is currently in production and may appear on more mobile devices of the company this year.

3. ARM

The chip design produced by Arm (ArmHoldings) has been adopted by all prominent technology manufacturers including Apple. As a chip designer, it doesn’t make its own chips, which gives it some advantages, just like Microsoft doesn’t make its own computers. In other words, Arm has great influence in the market. The company is currently developing artificial intelligence chip design along three main directions: Project Trillium, an "ultra-efficient" and scalable new processor with the goal of machine learning applications; Machine learning processor, which is self-evident; Arm NN is the abbreviation of neural network, which is a processor for processing TensorFlow, Caffe is a deep learning framework, and there are other structures.

4. Intel

As early as 2016, according to the Wall Street Journal, the chip giant Intel announced the acquisition of the startup NervanaSystems, and Intel will acquire the company’s software, cloud computing services and hardware, so that the products can better adapt to the development of artificial intelligence. But its artificial intelligence chip series is called "neural network processor": artificial neural network imitates the working mode of human brain and learns through experience and examples, which is why you often hear that machines and deep learning systems need "training". With the previous release of Nervana, it seems that Intel will give priority to solving problems related to natural language processes and deep learning.

5. Nvidia (NVIDIA)

In the GPU market, we mentioned that GPU can handle artificial intelligence tasks much faster than CPU, and Nvidia seems to be in a prominent position. Similarly, the company seems to have gained an advantage in the nascent artificial intelligence chip market. These two technologies seem to be closely related, and NVIDIA’s progress in GPU will help accelerate the development of its artificial intelligence chip. In fact, gpu seems to be the support of Nvidia artificial intelligence products, and its chipset can be called artificial intelligence accelerator. Jetson Xavier was released in 2018, and Huang Renxun, CEO of Jetson Xavier, said at a news conference: "This small computer will become the brain of future robots".

Deep learning seems to be NVIDIA’s main interest. Deep learning is a higher level of machine learning. You can think of machine learning as short-term learning with relatively limited data sets, while deep learning uses a large amount of data collected over a long period of time to return results, which in turn are designed to solve deeper and potential problems.

6. AMD (Ultramicro Semiconductor)

Like NVIDIA, AMD is another chip manufacturer closely related to graphics cards and GPUs, partly due to the growth of the computer game market in the past few decades and the growth of the bitcoin mining industry. AMD provides hardware and software solutions, such as machine learning and deep learning of EPYC cpu and Radeon Instinct gpu. Epyc is the processor name provided by AMD for servers (mainly used in data centers), while Radeon is a graphics processor mainly for gamers. Other chips provided by AMD include Ryzen, and perhaps the more famous Athlon. It seems that the company is still in a relatively early stage in the development of artificial intelligence-specific chips, but in view of its relative strength in the GPU field, observers believe that it will become one of the leaders in this market. AMD has signed a contract to provide Epyc and Radeon systems to the U.S. Department of Energy to build one of the fastest and most powerful supercomputers in the world, which is called "Frontier".

7. Qualcomm (Qualcomm)

Qualcomm made a lot of money from the cooperation with Apple at the beginning of the smartphone craze, and Qualcomm may feel left out in the cold about Apple’s decision to stop buying its chips. Of course, Qualcomm itself is not a small company in this field, and considering the future, it has been making some major investments.

Last year, Qualcomm released a new "cloud artificial intelligence chip", which seems to be related to its development in the fifth generation telecommunications network (5G). These two technologies are considered to be the basis for building a new ecosystem of self-driving cars and mobile computing devices. Analysts said that Qualcomm is a latecomer in the field of artificial intelligence chips, but the company has rich experience in the mobile device market, which will help realize its goal of "making artificial intelligence on devices everywhere".

Of course, other large international companies, such as Samsung, TSMC, Facebook, IBM and LG, are also developing their own AI chips. Whoever can master the cutting-edge AI chips first will get a slice of the new economic rising trend.

The reality described by the marketing departments of major companies is completely different from the reality outside those companies. Although decades of research have given us new ways to process information and classify input, which is faster than ever, there is no real AI in the hardware we buy, so which chip company can seize the market pain point and realize the application first, it can gain a great advantage on the track of artificial intelligence chips.

At present, the global artificial intelligence industry is still in a high-speed development, and the distribution of different industries provides a broad market prospect for the application of artificial intelligence. The commercialized society needs the application of artificial intelligence. AI chip is the hardware foundation for realizing the algorithm, and it is also the strategic commanding height of the future artificial intelligence era, and all the top companies in the world will fight for it. However, because the current AI algorithms often have their own advantages and disadvantages, only by setting a suitable scene for them can they best play their role. I also hope that AI can enter the sight of ordinary people this morning.

From the perspective of industrial development, it is still in the primary stage of artificial intelligence chips, and there is extraordinary room for innovation in both scientific research and commercial applications. In the application scenario, the AI chip with iterative algorithm develops into a general intelligent chip with higher flexibility and adaptability, which is the inevitable direction of technology development. Less computing bit width of neural network parameters, more customized design of distributed memory, more sparse large-scale vector realization, higher computing efficiency, smaller volume and higher energy efficiency in complex heterogeneous environment, the integration of computing and storage will become the main characteristics and development trend of artificial intelligence chips in the future.

References:

1. Research Report on Investment Prospect of IC Design Industry in China in 2019.

2. The development status and trend of artificial intelligence chips [J] Science and Technology Herald

3. The picture comes from the Internet.

This article (including pictures) is reproduced by the cooperative media and does not represent the position of the entrepreneurial state. Please contact the original author for reprinting. If you have any questions, please contact editor@cyzone.cn.

　

The picture shows the trial site.

　　guide reading

　　Who should the copyright of the picture "work" generated by artificial intelligence belong to? With the rapid development of generative artificial intelligence technology, users only need to input some prompt words, and the AI model can produce corresponding words, pictures, codes and other content. So, is the content generated by AI protected by copyright law? How to define and divide the ownership of corresponding rights? Can people freely use the content generated by AI on the network? These copyright issues involving artificial intelligence urgently need a "statement" from the law. At the end of 2023, the Beijing Internet Court concluded the dispute over the right of signature and information network communication between Li and Liu’s works, made clear for the first time the attribute of using artificial intelligence to generate a picture "work", and put forward the view that whether the content generated by artificial intelligence constitutes a work needs to be judged on a case-by-case basis. The judgment of this case has made a pioneering exploration on the legal issues related to the products of artificial intelligence.

　　Pictures generated by artificial intelligence are used by others.

　　In August 2023, the plaintiff Li sued the court, claiming that on February 24, 2023, he used the open source software Stable Diffusion to generate a picture involved in the case by inputting hints, and published the picture on the platform of Little Red Book. After the plaintiff found that the defendant Liu used the pictures involved in an article in Baijiahao. The defendant not only did not get his own permission, but also cut off the signature watermark, which made the relevant users mistakenly think that the defendant was the author of the work, seriously infringing on his right of signature and information network dissemination. Therefore, the court is requested to order the defendant to publicly apologize at Baijia, eliminate the influence and compensate the economic loss of 5,000 yuan.

　　The defendant argued that the specific source of the pictures involved could not be provided, nor could the watermark of the pictures involved be explained, and it was uncertain whether the plaintiff enjoyed the rights of the pictures involved. The main content of the article published by the defendant is original poetry, not the pictures involved, and it has no commercial use and no intention of infringement.

　　The court found through trial that the process of generating the pictures involved was that the plaintiff downloaded the Stable Diffusion model, and then entered dozens of prompt words in the forward prompt words and the reverse prompt words respectively, and set the iteration steps, picture height, guide coefficient of prompt words and random seeds to generate the first picture; Under the condition that the above parameters are unchanged, the weight of one model is modified to generate a second picture; Under the condition that the above parameters are unchanged, the random seed is modified to generate a third picture; Under the condition that the above parameters remain unchanged, the content of positive prompt words is added to generate the fourth picture (that is, the picture involved).

　　Does the picture generated by artificial intelligence constitute a work?

　　According to the defense opinions of the defendant and the defendant and the facts ascertained, the Beijing Internet Court holds that the focus of the dispute and the difficulties in the trial are as follows: First, whether the pictures generated by artificial intelligence involved in the case constitute a work and what kind of work it constitutes; Second, whether the plaintiff enjoys the copyright of the pictures involved; Third, whether the accused behavior constitutes infringement and whether the defendant should bear legal responsibility.

　　First of all, from the appearance of the pictures involved, it is no different from the photos and paintings that people usually see. It obviously belongs to the art field and has certain forms of expression. The pictures involved were generated by the plaintiff using the generative artificial intelligence technology. From the time the plaintiff conceived the pictures involved to the time the pictures involved were finally selected, the plaintiff made some intellectual investments, such as designing the presentation mode of the characters, choosing the prompt words, arranging the order of the prompt words, setting relevant parameters, and choosing which picture meets the expectations. The pictures involved reflect the intellectual input of the plaintiff, so the pictures involved have the elements of "intellectual achievements".

　　Judging from the pictures involved, there are identifiable differences with previous works. Judging from the generation process of the pictures involved, the plaintiff designed the picture elements such as characters and their presentation methods through hints, and set the picture layout and composition through parameters, which reflected the plaintiff’s choice and arrangement. In addition, after the plaintiff obtained the first picture by inputting prompt words and setting relevant parameters, he continued to add prompt words and modify parameters, and constantly adjusted and corrected the picture involved. This adjustment and correction process reflected the plaintiff’s aesthetic choice and personality judgment. In the absence of evidence to the contrary, it can be concluded that the pictures involved were independently completed by the plaintiff, which reflects the plaintiff’s personalized expression, so the pictures involved have the elements of "originality".

　　The pictures involved are graphic plastic art works with aesthetic significance composed of lines and colors, which belong to art works and should be protected by copyright law.

　　Second, the plaintiff is the author of the pictures involved and enjoys the copyright of the pictures involved. As far as the ownership of the works involved is concerned, China’s copyright law stipulates that the author is limited to natural persons, legal persons or unincorporated organizations, so the artificial intelligence model itself cannot be the author stipulated by China’s copyright law. The plaintiff sets up the artificial intelligence model involved in the case according to the need, and finally selects the person involved in the case. The picture involved is directly generated based on the plaintiff’s intellectual input and reflects the plaintiff’s personalized expression, so the plaintiff is the author of the picture involved and enjoys the copyright of the picture involved.

　　Third, the defendant has infringed the rights enjoyed by the plaintiff and should bear the tort liability. In this case, the defendant, without permission, used the pictures involved in the case as illustrations and posted them in his Baijia account, so that the public could obtain the pictures involved in the case at the time and place selected by him, infringing on the plaintiff’s right to spread information on the network. In addition, the defendant removed the signature watermark from the pictures involved, which infringed the plaintiff’s signature right and should bear the tort liability.

　　To sum up, the Beijing Internet Court ruled in the first instance that the defendant apologized and compensated the plaintiff 500 yuan. In this regard, neither party has appealed, and the judgment has now taken effect.

　　■ referee analysis

　　Whether the content generated by artificial intelligence constitutes a work needs to be judged individually.

　　Beijing Internet Court Zhuge

　　In recent years, the academic discussion on the copyright of AI-generated content has never stopped, which provides a reference for the referee in this case.

　　In this case, the pictures involved were generated by the plaintiff using AI, and judged according to the constitutive requirements of the works in the copyright law. Because the pictures involved reflected the plaintiff’s original intellectual input, they were recognized as works, and the relevant copyrights belonged to the plaintiff. At the same time, the judgment of this case emphasizes that whether the content generated by artificial intelligence constitutes a work requires case-by-case judgment and cannot be generalized. The verdict of this case fully absorbed the academic discussion, which reflected "one inheritance" and "two considerations".

　　"One inheritance", that is, the judgment of this case, is the inheritance and development of the previous "Film Law Firm v. Baidu Copyright Case" in Beijing Internet Court. This case continues to adhere to the view that the copyright law only protects the creation of natural persons, while the artificial intelligence model does not have free will, is not the subject of law, and cannot be the "author" in China’s copyright law; This case continues to hold that under normal circumstances, the right to generate pictures by using AI belongs to the person who uses artificial intelligence software; In addition, the case continues to emphasize that according to the principle of good faith and the need to protect the public’s right to know, relevant subjects should clearly mark the artificial intelligence technology or model they use. Different from the previous case, except the artificial intelligence model involved in the case is more intelligent, the plaintiff in this case has more intellectual input, so it has the basis for further exploring the application of copyright law to protect it.

　　During the trial of the case, we repeatedly conducted "two considerations":

　　First, when the traditional theory encounters a brand-new application scenario, whether it should be adjusted and developed. We believe that only by adhering to the future-oriented judicial concept can we better encourage the application of new technologies and promote the development of new formats. The original copyright theory and practice presupposed art works as the main creative way, which was determined by the technical level of creative tools at that time. Since entering the era of artificial intelligence, human creative tools have undergone fundamental changes. People no longer need to draw lines and fill colors, but use AI to create, but this does not mean that human beings do not need to choose and arrange picture elements. By designing hints, different people will produce different results, which can reflect the original intellectual input of human beings. In this brand-new technical background, the traditional copyright theory and the reality of technical development have not matched, so it should be adjusted and developed to better meet the needs of rights protection and industrial development. Therefore, we can’t stick to the historical standards. Only by thinking about the future can we choose the path of the present.

　　Second, whether the identification of works is only based on legal judgment is also a question of value judgment. "Originality", as a rule to define the core elements of a work, is gradually established by the courts of various countries through the trial of individual cases. In this process, there are arguments in the theoretical circle and reference from judicial practice, and more importantly, it is based on the balance of interests, and comprehensively considers the types of works, creative space, industrial policies, public demand and other factors in the field, trying to make the best explanation. At the moment when China’s artificial intelligence industry is developing rapidly, how to serve and ensure the healthy and efficient development of the industry based on China’s specific reality and China’s value consensus is the question of the times that we must answer. In this context, based on the value measurement of the country, society, citizens and other dimensions, we believe that by recognizing the "work" attribute of pictures generated by artificial intelligence and the user’s "creator" identity, it is more conducive to encouraging users to use AI tools to create enthusiasm, thus realizing the inherent goal of "encouraging works to create" in the copyright law, promoting relevant subjects to identify the content generated by AI, thus promoting the implementation of regulatory laws and regulations, and protecting the public’s right to know, and strengthening people’s awareness.

　　■ Views of all parties

　　It is confirmed for the first time that AI generates the attribute of "Art Works"

Cui Guobin, Professor of Tsinghua University Law School

　　The judgment of this case has made a meaningful exploration of many copyright problems caused by generative AI, and put forward reasonable solutions. This is innovative on a global scale and has important reference value for future judicial practice and academic research.

　　First of all, the court confirmed the "art work" attribute of AI products. The court held that users use generative AI to output pictures, even if AI users do not directly draw lines and colors, they may still constitute intellectual achievements in the sense of copyright law and fall into the category of "works of art", regardless of the necessity of "other works". When the legislator did not create a new category for such works, the court included it in the scope of "art works", which was in line with public expectations.

　　Secondly, the court clearly judges whether the user has made an original contribution. The court stressed that "whether the use of artificial intelligence to generate pictures reflects the author’s personalized expression requires case judgment and cannot be generalized." "After the plaintiff obtained the first picture by inputting prompt words and setting relevant parameters, he continued to add prompt words, modify parameters, and constantly adjusted and corrected, and finally obtained the picture involved. This adjustment and correction process also reflected the plaintiff’s aesthetic choice and personality judgment." In this case, whether the user’s actual creative behavior leads to the AI ? ? output fully reflecting its personality is a matter of fact, and there is room for debate. However, the court’s thinking of analyzing legal issues is completely in line with the underlying logic of copyright law and public policy, leaving more flexible space for the development of new technologies. After selecting the first draft of the picture output by AI, users have a relatively specific idea of the work, and then modify it repeatedly on this basis. In theory, as long as there are enough rounds or details, users do have the possibility of making specific original contributions.

　　Under the background of the increasing integration of painting programming tools (such as Photoshop) and generative AI system, copyright law should encourage the public to use new creative tools to create more and better works of art, instead of discriminating against users of such tools, easily denying users’ original contributions and forcing users to stay away from such powerful creative tools. Therefore, I agree with the court’s judgment that "it is more conducive to the creation of works and the development of artificial intelligence technology to encourage more people to create with the latest tools by appropriate legal means", which is far more forward-looking than the general objection of denying the original contribution of users.

　　In addition, this judgment also deeply discusses the attribution of AI-assisted creative works. The court emphasized that the designer of AI system is only the producer of creative tools, and "there is neither the will to create the pictures involved nor the pre-set subsequent generation content". At the same time, the designer of the artificial intelligence model involved in the case gives up the right to claim the output content in the license provided by him. Therefore, the developer of AI system is not the author of the dispute picture. In the court’s view, "the plaintiff directly sets the artificial intelligence model involved in the case according to the needs, and finally selects the picture involved. The picture involved is directly generated based on the plaintiff’s intellectual input and reflects the plaintiff’s personalized expression, so the plaintiff is the author of the picture involved." This idea is worthy of recognition.

　　Finally, it is worth mentioning that the court’s application of the minimum amount of statutory compensation (500 yuan) should also be a balanced choice reflecting the judicial policy. Many people are worried that copyright law will protect the works created by users using AI, which will lead to the proliferation of infringement lawsuits related to AI works and harm the public interests of society. In order to avoid this negative consequence, the court should consider the particularity of AI creation when determining the standard of damages, and avoid over-compensation to users, thus stimulating too many lawsuits. In this case, it is a reasonable choice to choose the lower limit of legal compensation "according to the pictures involved and the circumstances of infringement use", which reflects this important judicial policy. Of course, this does not rule out that in future cases, users will use AI to create high-value works and get higher damages.

　　Very valuable pioneering exploration

Shen Fen, a big model manufacturer.

　　Through this case, Beijing Internet Court made a very valuable and pioneering exploration on the legal issues related to artificial intelligence products.

　　In the concept of recognition, it is confirmed that users can obtain the copyright of artificial intelligence products. In this case, the court found that natural persons can obtain the copyright of products by making substantial contributions in the process of using generative artificial intelligence. This has a positive effect on encouraging users to actively use artificial intelligence to create high-quality works.

　　Protecting the works that users have made substantial contributions in the process of product production plays an important and positive role in the use and promotion of generative artificial intelligence. In the process of ownership determination, it is equally important to consider and respect the contracts between the designers, providers and users of artificial intelligence models and services to help the market-oriented development of artificial intelligence industry and support the formation of various business models. It is of great significance for the development of China’s artificial intelligence industry and the improvement of the quality of cultural and artistic works to give reasonable protection to high-quality works created by generative artificial intelligence and help users, artificial intelligence developers and operators to realize closed-loop business.